Which formula represents Newton's second law of motion?

Newton's second law of motion states that the force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object multiplied by its acceleration. This principle is encapsulated in the formula F = ma, where F represents the force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration. The understanding of this law is fundamental in physics and robotics, as it helps predict how objects will move in response to applied forces.

The other options provide different relations but do not represent Newton's second law. For example, F = m/g relates mass to gravitational force, but it does not account for acceleration in the context of Newton's second law. Similarly, F = mv expresses momentum, which is indeed related to motion but does not incorporate force in the way Newton's second law describes. Lastly, F = mgh describes the gravitational potential energy of an object at height h, again not reflective of the law governing force, mass, and acceleration. Therefore, the correct formula representing Newton's second law of motion is indeed F = ma.